Hemorrhagic shock: the intensity, symptoms and treatment

It is a pathological disturbance of microcirculation, which interferes with the timely intake of tissues of nutrients, energy products and oxygen.

It turns out that hemorrhagic shock is a condition in which there is removal of toxins from the body.

Oxygen starvation occurs gradually, depending on the intensity of the loss of important body fluids. If loss of blood be greater than 500 millilitres, there hemorrhagic shock. This dangerous condition can lead to death, as in the lungs and brain tissue is disturbed or completely stop blood circulation.

About the reasons of occurrence of the dangerous condition and the mechanism of its progression

The main reason for the onset of hemorrhagic shock is a serious injury leading to blood loss. Damage to the blood vascular can be closed or open. The second reason is the pathological condition is severe bleeding caused by the diseases of the uterus, perforation of gastric ulcers, the cancerous tumors in the last stages of the disease.

The Central element in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic shock is considered a violation systemic circulation. The number of circulating blood drops very quickly. Naturally, the body systems are unable to respond quickly to this loss.

In the nerve endings receptors transmit "alarms" that lead to increased heartbeat, spasm of peripheral vascular, increased respiration, followed by centralization of blood circulation, when a biological liquid begins to actively circulate through the blood vascular and some internal organs. There is a further pressure reduction, stimulation of baroreceptors.

Gradually all the organs, except the brain and heart cease to participate in the circulation. As quickly as possible decreases the amount of oxygen in the pulmonary system that leads to inevitable death.

Symptoms and signs of shock if blood loss

Medical experts identify the main signs of hemorrhagic shock, which can be observed at its onset.

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• Dry mouth and nausea.
• Excessive weakness and severe dizziness.
• The darkening of the eyes and even loss of consciousness.
• The compensatory redistribution of the blood and reducing its amount in the muscles leads to blanching of the skin. May appear gray if the person is already almost losing consciousness.
• Hands and feet become moist and sticky from cold sweat.
• Disturbance of microcirculation of blood in the kidneys lead to hypoxia, tubular necrosis and ischemia.
• There is a strong shortness of breath, impaired respiratory function.
• Violation of of heart rhythms and excessive stimulation.

On these signs of shock from blood loss by medical professionals can diagnose this condition. Requires immediate identification of pathology based on symptoms, to be able to avoid death.

The main indicators of the condition of human suffering include:

1. The temperature and color of the epidermis.
2. Pulse rate (may show hemorrhagic shock only when combined with other symptoms).
3. Shock index is considered as the most informative indicator of a serious condition. This relationship of pulse frequency to the magnitude of the systolic blood pressure. In a healthy person it should not be more than 0.5.
4. Hourly urine output. His gradual decline would indicate the occurrence of the shock.
5. Hematocrit. This testing, which can reveal the adequacy or inadequacy of blood circulation in the body.

The intensity of development of hemorrhagic shock

Dangerous manifestations vary at different stages of hemorrhagic shock. There is the following generally accepted classification according to which gradually symptoms of this disease:

The first stage

This is offset by the shock that occurs when a sudden decrease in blood volume at fifteen percent. The clinical picture of the syndrome of the minor emission is dominated by features such as moderate tachycardia and oliguria, sudden blanching of the skin, the absence of arterial hypotension or its apparent decline. Central venous pressure does not change.

The second stage

It subcompensated hemorrhagic shock, in which the BCC is reduced by approximately 18 - 20 percent. The decrease of arterial and Central venous pressure, weakness, darkening ofin the eyes and dizziness, severe tachycardia - these are all signs of a second severity of hemorrhagic shock.

The third stage

Has called uncompensated or decompensated reversible shock. The blood loss reaches about thirty to forty percent. Is characterized by a significant deepening of the circulation disorders. Significantly lowered blood pressure due to severe vascular spasm.

Also allocated additional symptoms:

• Severe tachycardia and severe shortness of breath.
• Acrocyanosis, frequent pulse, paleness of the skin.
• Cold sweat and lowering the oliguria.
• The sharp retardation in human behavior.
• Gradually disrupted the normal supply of blood to the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs and intestines, which inevitably leads to tissue hypoxia.

The fourth stage

Decompensated or irreversible shock. This is the most serious condition, which in most cases leads to death. The decline in circulated blood is close to 45 percent or more. Tachycardia is 160 beats per minute, and the pulse is not actually probed the mind of the patient very confused.

The skin acquires an unnatural marble shade that is pale in comparison to distinct blood vascular. Systolic blood pressure at this stage is reduced to critical levels - up to 60 mm of mercury.St. Appears hyporeflexia and anuria.

Further disruption of the microcirculation leading to the irreversible loss of plasma, the stupor and the sharp coldness of the extremities. Significantly enhanced respiratory disorders. At the last stage of hemorrhagic shock should undergo urgent hospitalization, in order not to lose the patient.

Assistance in the event of a state of shock

Emergency treatment of hemorrhagic shock should be very rapid, especially if the condition has reached a critical severity. For a start you need to quickly call a team of medical professionals, and then try:

1. To stop the bleeding, if it is not internally. Be sure to use the harnesses, everything you find at hand. Tie or gently squeeze the wound until the ambulance arrived.
2. Dispose of any items that, in your opinion, can interfere with human breathing. Be sure to loosen a tight collar. When you crash suggest first extract from the mouth of the victim any foreign bodies that might get there, including vomit, broken teeth, if necessary. Such assistance will be able to provide non-professional, the medic, appeared on the scene. Try to prevent ceasing language innasopharynx. All of these manipulations will help a person not to suffocate and to survive until the arrival of professionals.
3. It is necessary to give the victim painkillers non-narcotic actions. Leksir, Tromal and Fortrel suit you best. Note that these drugs have no effect on the respiratory and circulatory system. Also Baralgin and a doctor can help in this situation. These funds normally are combined with antihistamines.

After hospitalization: the actions of experts

If the patient in a state of hemorrhagic shock was successfully hospitalized, doctors carried out an overall assessment of his condition.

Measured indicators of breathing, blood pressure, determined by the stability of consciousness. Then the doctors begin to stop the loss of body fluids.

This is the main measure for the removal of a person from a state of shock and the prevention of lethal outcome.

Necessarily conducted intensive infusion therapy with permanent simultaneous monitoring of hourly diuresis. Such actions with therapy in two or three veins relevant if the reduction in the volume of blood circulated amounted to forty percent or more.

You will also need the inhalation of one hundred percent of oxygen through a special mask and injecting adrenaline. It can replace diaminobenzidine funds.

Medical professionals after hospitalization must perform the following steps:

1. Use catheters for oxygen inhalation.
2. To introduce a catheter into the Central vein of the patient to ensure free access to the vascular. If a strong loss of the biological fluid that is not enough - have to use the femoral vein.
3. Then begins infusion therapy (mentioned above in connection with a large blood loss).
4. Evaluation of the effectiveness of infusion and monitoring of urination of the patient with a Foley catheter installed.
5. A blood test.
6. The doctor should prescribe analgesics and sedatives.

In a different situation from the victim just have no chance to survive until the arrival of qualified doctors. Seventy percent of the patients die before the arrival of the ambulance